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Text File | 1995-02-24 | 67.1 KB | 2,658 lines

( This software is freely provided for your entertainment and help. Please use it for any purposes which you wish, and incorporate any parts which you find useful into your own programs. Instead of the usual simple "single function" example, we have here given you a fairly long program which, although it is primitive, does at least give you working examples of many commonly used functions. This source code shows methods of getting user input, outputting text and simple graphics, and generally getting your feet wet in the muddy waters of some fairly messy code! And, yes....some of this code shows you how not to do things too..... The demo uses admittedly simple and crude programming techniques to demonstrate simple text output. In fact it does nothing much else but present a lot of simple text screens with a few fractal demos thrown in to alleviate the boredom! It would have been much better to use nicely drawn line and bevel boxes to make the displays more professional and attractive looking, and this actually would not be hard to do. However, we wanted to keep things really simple and emphasise the basic text commands rather than make the code more complex. In fact you will find that all the demo code is quite simple except for some of the fractal routines. The fractal code is not sophisticated but may prove incomprehensible if you haven't seen this type of thing before. We recommand that you don't waste time trying to follow this code unless you are really a great fractal enthusiast. Really the fractals are an excuse to use a variety of text displays, and we don't recommend that you try to re-use the fractal code itself, which is not intended as tutorial material. The real point of this demo is to show how you can get a useable piece of software of reasonable length running without complication, and show how to output simple text and get user keyboard input. Every routine has been kept at a fairly elementary and obvious level, sacrificing elegance, cleverness, or speed in an effort to make the code fairly comprehensible and clear. You might like to try, as an exercise, improving some of this code and writing your own faster and more elegant version. Certainly you should not assume that the way things are done here is the only or best way. Various different methods are employed to do the same job in different parts of the code, simply to give you an idea of the options available. For example, cursor positioning and text formatting can be carried out in many different ways, and in many cases it doesn't really matter how you choose to do it. Note that all text has been stored in the dictionary, which is lazy and wasteful of dictionary space, but nice and simple! A more serious text generating program would store the text in external memory, leaving the dictionary uncluttered. The first section demonstrates how easy it is to format text output using the HeliOS stream system, and lots of different streams are used throughout to give you some experience of using them. Actually, you could write this simple program using only one stream..... If you don't know where to start looking through a long-ish program like this, then go first to the end of the file, where you will find the main program control words. In general, in HeliOS, you write all the sub-routines and subsidiary words first, then call them later in the more "high-level" routines. This means that HeliOS programs tend to start with a number of small "utility" word definitions, which in turn are used to build all the main working components of the program. Finally the whole thing is brought together at the very end of the code by words which define the highest level of the overall program structure. In other words, HeliOS programs exhibit a sort of pyramidal or hierarchical structure, with the "command and control centre" at the end of the source code. This means that if you want an overview of any HeliOS program you should go to the end first. If you want to inspect the small "nuts and bolts" routines you should look, in general, at the start of the program. Note that the final thing in most HeliOS programs is a single word which invokes the main program definition word. In the present case the last thing in the program is the word "Demo", which runs the demo main control routine. The placement of the main command word "Demo" at the end of the program means that once you have compiled this code it will run automatically. Subsequently, if you wish, you can re-run the program by typing its main control word "Demo" at the command line (or in a program of course). You could omit the final word "Demo" in this program, and if you did so you would find that the program would compile without auto-running. You would then need to type the word "Demo" at the command line to run the program. Considering source code format and style, note that plenty of blank lines can be employed to space out your code and make it less cluttered. Because all trailing spaces are suppressed when lines of text are stored, each blank line only takes up one byte of memory and file space. Some of the code in this demo is very untidy, and you will notice that the badly laid out code is unreadable and therefore harder to debug and maintain. You will see that short, self contained, sections of code are easiest to read and become almost self explanatory, because you can take in the whole of the logical structure on one page. Sometimes it is reasonable to create long word definitions for simple sequential operations which contain no program flow control logic, since these are fairly clear to read anyway. In general, though, you should always confine tricky bits of logic, or any code defining individual functional units, to short self-contained word definitions. If you do this you will find that it is easy to change these "units" without in any way compromising the main program logic. Notice also that all small functional "units" of code should have "stack diagrams" telling you exactly how they interact with the main program when they are "called". In a language such as HeliOS which uses the stack for parameter passing it is important to always make absolutely clear just what is happening to the stack when each word executes. Look at the word "TEXTDEMO" for an example of horrible code, and look at "DEMOCOLOURS" for an example of fairly neat and readable code. Make your own judgments as to which is best......... Notice that throughout this program we have used upper case characters for word names. This is not essential, and in fact you can define a word in one case (or mixed case) and then call it with characters in either upper or lower case. In this program we used upper case for commands so that your eye could easily pick out the command words from all the text and commentary. This can sometimes be useful, but on other occasions it might be useful to have CORE words in upper case and ones you have defined yourself in mixed case. Really this is simply a matter of what you think looks best and is easiest to read, so try out various combinations until you feel comfortable that your code is easy to read. Note that we have sometimes used "indenting" to make structured sections of code such as DO-LOOP and BEGIN-UNTIL constructs more readable. In general this is a very good idea, and if you compare the word "RAYS" with the word "TURNWINDOW" you will perhaps see what we mean. Finally, you might be interested that the Mandelbrot generator uses a tiny fragment of assembler code, just to give you a taste of how this is done in HeliOS. ******* WARNING ******* This code makes extensive use of comments, which is always a good idea. However you MUST BE CAREFUL of one or two things which sometimes cause problems with HeliOS comments: 1. You MUST include spaces before AND after "(" (comment start) symbols. 2. You MUST include spaces before AND after ")" (comment end) symbols. 3. You MUST include spaces before AND after "\" (line comment) symbols. 4. Be careful not to mis-type a "/" (divide) character instead of a "\". 5. You can use "(" and ")" brackets within comments delimited by these same characters, but if you do so you must NOT use spaces around the brackets WITHIN the comment. 6. If you get strange compile errors with "Word not found" etc., always check for mistakes in your comment markers. Look at the way this comment is written as an example. ) \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( First clear dictionary down to core vocabulary ) FORGET **CORE** \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Load and compile ASSEMBLER vocabulary for later use ) RUN Helios:Assembler \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Next make new definitions of some non-time-critical words which are used frequently in the Demo. This is not really necessary in this particular case, but is included simply to demonstrate the technique. Here we are making simple "compound" words to use instead of continually making multiple repeated use of the one word "CR". In this way we: 1. Save compile time as the compiler will not have to search deep in the dictionary for the word "CR" all the time. 2. Make our source code shorter and less cluttered with "CR"s. There is a small execution time penalty, but this is unimportant. ) : 1CR CR ; \ Redefine Carriage Return : 2CR 1CR 1CR ; \ 2 CRs : 3CR 2CR 1CR ; \ 3 CRs : 4CR 2CR 2CR ; \ 4 CRs \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( A word to clear the two pixel lines above the start of the text area in the HeliOS main display. This does not get cleared by the console text window SCRCLR routine because the console window starts two pixels below the start of the window. ) : CLEARWINDOWTOP ( Colour - - - ) GFXSETAPEN \ Set drawing pen from stack value 0 0 GFXORIGIN \ Set drawing origin to top left corner 4 13 GFXMOVE 635 13 GFXDRAW \ Draw horizontal line at pixel 13 4 14 GFXMOVE 635 14 GFXDRAW \ Draw horizontal line at pixel 14 ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( A word to clear up and quit the demo ) : DEMOQUIT ( - - - ) RESETCOLOURS \ Restore HeliOS colour defaults SP! \ Clear Stack INITFSTREAMS FSTATUS \ Remake HeliOS display 2 STREAM \ Enter main display area stream 6 6 CURPUT ." This is the end....hope you've had fun...." 6 8 CURPUT 6 FPENSET ." Press any key to finally exit." KEY DROP \ Wait for response SCRCLR \ Clear display QUIT \ Quit ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( A simple word which we shall use to permit the user to control progress through the demo ) : WAIT ( - - - ) 6 FPENSET ." Press <SPACE> or L-Mouse to continue..." BEGIN \ Wait for any previous key ?TERMINAL 0= \ press to be released UNTIL WAITSPACE \ Wait for <SPACE> to be pressed ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( A bit of demonstration text ) : DEMOTEXT ( - - - ) ." This is a HeliOS demonstration........" ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( A bit of demonstration text repeated 60 times with 1/50 second delay ) : DEMOTEXT1 ( - - - ) 60 0 DO DEMOTEXT 1 DELAY LOOP ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( A bit of demonstration text output 50 times to 3 different streams ) : DEMOTEXT2 ( - - - ) 50 0 DO 6 STREAM DEMOTEXT 7 STREAM DEMOTEXT 8 STREAM DEMOTEXT LOOP ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( A simple graphical display of a pulsating HeliOS sun logo, with a subsidiary word RAYS first which generates the radiating pattern Note that you could replace the repeating code DDUP 2/ SWAP 2/ SWAP GFXMOVE GFXDRAW with a single word defined to take its place. Normally you would probably do this to make your code more compact and readable. ) : RAYS ( colour1 colour2 - - - colour1 colour2 ) 45 0 DO OVER GFXSETAPEN \ Set Colour1 150 I 3 LSL GFXSIN 32767 */ DUP NEGATE \ X-Coords 75 I 3 LSL GFXCOS 32767 */ TUCK NEGATE \ Y-Coords DDUP 2/ SWAP 2/ SWAP GFXMOVE GFXDRAW \ Draw negative ray DDUP 2/ SWAP 2/ SWAP GFXMOVE GFXDRAW \ Draw positive ray DUP GFXSETAPEN \ set Colour2 180 I 3 LSL 2+ GFXSIN 32767 */ DUP NEGATE \ Draw longer rays 90 I 3 LSL 2+ GFXCOS 32767 */ TUCK NEGATE DDUP 2/ SWAP 2/ SWAP GFXMOVE GFXDRAW DDUP 2/ SWAP 2/ SWAP GFXMOVE GFXDRAW LOOP ; : HELIOS ( - - - ) BEGIN \ Wait for any previous key ?TERMINAL 0= \ press to be released UNTIL STREAMNO \ Get current Stream 0 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM \ Init/Enter 0 Stream 2 BPENSET \ Set Colour 2 background CUROFF 0 STREAM SCRCLR \ Set up display 2 CLEARWINDOWTOP \ Clear top of window 7 GFXSETAPEN \ Set Colour 7 316 120 DDUP GFXORIGIN \ Set GFX Origin 68 34 GFXAREAELLIPSE GFXAREAEND \ Draw Disk 37 13 CURPUT 6 FPENSET 7 BPENSET ." HeliOS" \ Write Text 38 14 CURPUT 6 FPENSET 7 BPENSET ." text" 38 15 CURPUT 6 FPENSET 7 BPENSET ." demo!" 3 26 CURPUT 1 FPENSET 2 BPENSET ." Press <SPACE> to continue..." 53 26 CURPUT ." Press <Q> to quit Demo." 6 7 \ Colours for RAYS BEGIN \ Start loop RAYS \ Display Rays SWAP \ Alternate colours ?TERMINAL DUP KEYLCASE ASCII q = IF DEMOQUIT THEN \ ? QUIT 32 = UNTIL \ Loop until <Space> 25 DELAY \ 1/2 second delay DDROP \ Drop colours 0 INITSTREAM \ Reset 0 stream STREAM ; \ Restore start stream \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Start of demo ...... Clear screen and output initial message ) : INTRO 0 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM CUROFF \ Enter and initialise 0 Stream 2 BPENSET \ Text background 2 for screen clearing SCRCLR \ Clear screen 4 3 CURPUT \ Set cursor etc etc ." HeliOS has been exclusively developed on the Amiga with the intention " 4 4 CURPUT ." of providing a high performance programming language which is both" 4 5 CURPUT ." easy to learn and comprehensive in scope." 4 7 CURPUT ." HeliOS is a very fast and efficient programming language, explicitly" 4 8 CURPUT ." designed for the Amiga, with an integrated graphical user interface." 4 10 CURPUT ." All critical parts of HeliOS are written in machine code for maximum" 4 11 CURPUT ." speed and power, giving performance equal to any Amiga application." 4 13 CURPUT ." HeliOS has a unique Interactive mode which allows ideal freedom to" 4 14 CURPUT ." creative programmers who enjoy experimentation at the keyboard." 4 16 CURPUT ." HeliOS has an excellent user interface with integrated editor, debugger," 4 17 CURPUT ." compiler, and interactive interpreter for ultra rapid program development." 4 19 CURPUT ." HeliOS is more powerful, and easier to use, than C, Basic, or assembler." 4 21 CURPUT ." This program will show you a few simple HeliOS text handling and graphic" 4 22 CURPUT ." drawing functions, and provides an easy-to-follow source code example." 4 24 CURPUT ." You can freely modify the source code to create your own simple Demo." 3 27 CURPUT WAIT ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( A small colour selection word, DEMOCOLOURS, with a few subsidiary words. Notice how this code is broken down into simple functional sub-units. ) 0 VARIABLE RED 0 VARIABLE BLUE 0 VARIABLE GREEN 0 VARIABLE PEN 0 VARIABLE NUMCOLS FIND NOOP VARIABLE EXTERNAL : SETCOLS ( - - - ) \ Set RGB values PEN @ RED @ GREEN @ BLUE @ GFXSETRGB ; : GETCOLS ( - - - ) \ Get RGB values PEN @ GFXGETRGB BLUE ! GREEN ! RED ! ; : SHOWCOLOUR ( - - - ) \ Display Colour Values CURREAD \ Get cursor position on stack 25 CURFW CURSAVE PEN ? \ Output colour values CURSET 1 CURDN RED ? CURSET 2 CURDN GREEN ? CURSET 3 CURDN BLUE ? CURPOS \ Restore stored cursor position ; : USERCOLOUR ( c - - - c ) \ Translate user input ASCII c OVER= \ Was "c" pressed? IF PEN NUMCOLS @ CYCLE GETCOLS ELSE ASCII x OVER= \ Was "x" pressed IF RESETCOLOURS GETCOLS ELSE ASCII r OVER= \ Was "r" pressed IF RED 16 CYCLE ELSE ASCII g OVER= \ Was "g" pressed IF GREEN 16 CYCLE ELSE ASCII b OVER= \ Was "b" pressed IF BLUE 16 CYCLE THEN THEN THEN THEN THEN ; : DEMOCOLOURS ( Number-of-colours - - - ) NUMCOLS ! \ Store number of colours PEN 0! \ Set pen to zero CURSTAT \ Check Cursor status and save on stack CUROFF \ Set up and display text CURSAVE ." COLOUR BEING ADJUSTED = " CURSET 1 CURDN ." RED COMPONENT = " CURSET 2 CURDN ." GREEN COMPONENT = " CURSET 3 CURDN ." BLUE COMPONENT = " CURSET GETCOLS \ Update colour variables SHOWCOLOUR \ Display values BEGIN \ Begin loop KEY KEYLCASE \ Get a key and translate case USERCOLOUR \ Check user input SETCOLS \ Set display colours SHOWCOLOUR \ Display new values EXTERNAL @EXECUTE \ Execute subsidiary word 32 = UNTIL \ Loop until <Space> pressed RESETCOLOURS \ Restore HeliOS default colours IF \ Check cursor status on stack CURON \ Restore cursor status THEN ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Set up 3 text streams ) : INIT3STREAMS ( - - - ) 1 STREAM 1 1 80 5 SCRWIN 0 BPENSET 3 FPENSET CUROFF SCRCLR 2 STREAM 1 6 80 20 SCRWIN 7 BPENSET 1 FPENSET CUROFF SCRCLR 3 STREAM 1 26 80 5 SCRWIN 2 BPENSET 6 FPENSET CUROFF SCRCLR ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( A short text stream demonstration - of how NOT to do it!. The style of this code is not good, because runs to quite a length of in-line code which is relatively unreadable and awkward to maintain. This code section is around 350 lines long! Old fashioned programming languages used to do this kind of thing, and it certainly works on a purely technical level, but just look how awkward it is finding your way around 350 lines of code! A more modular approach with subdivisions of the code would be more readable and easy to modify. In general it is easiest to maintain code in which individual sections are self contained "modules" of maybe a couple of screens in size. For example, all the sections of code between the WAIT words could be defined as separate words. You should NOT normally write long single sections of code like this and we have only put this here as a demonstration of how awkward such code is to read in terms of program structure. Don't do it like this yourself! ) : TEXTDEMO 0 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM \ Set full size window in 0 Stream 2 BPENSET \ Background pen 2 2 CLEARWINDOWTOP \ Clear top lines SCRCLR CUROFF \ Clear screen and switch off cursor 18 4 CURPUT \ Place cursor 7 FPENSET 6 BPENSET BOLDON \ Set text colour contrast and style ." " \ Blank line = top of colour contrast area 18 5 CURPUT ." A Simple HeliOS Text Demonstration " \ Colour contrast text 18 6 CURPUT ." " \ Blank line = bottom of colour contrast 3 FPENSET 2 BPENSET BOLDOFF \ Reset style and colour to normal 4 10 CURPUT ." This demonstration uses very simple text commands at an elementary level." 4 12 CURPUT ." Everything here can be done easily, even by inexperienced programmers." 4 16 CURPUT ." HeliOS text output routines are comprehensive but very easy to learn." 4 19 CURPUT BOLDON 1 FPENSET ." In fact everything you see in this demo is simple to do using HeliOS." 4 23 CURPUT BOLDOFF 3 FPENSET WAIT 0 BPENSET 3 FPENSET 0 CLEARWINDOWTOP SCRCLR 5 3 CURPUT ." First we can look at some elementary text output formatting." 5 6 CURPUT ." HeliOS provides you with ten automatically organised text streams," 5 8 CURPUT ." and many powerful and versatile screen display control commands." 5 11 CURPUT 2 FPENSET 1 BPENSET ." Power with simplicity of operation allows you freedom to be creative." 5 14 CURPUT 1 FPENSET 0 BPENSET ." Every aspect of your text display is associated with a HeliOS stream." 5 16 CURPUT ." HeliOS remembers many details of the text format within each stream," 5 18 CURPUT ." and allows you to switch streams effortlessly with a SINGLE word." 5 21 CURPUT ." Let's set up some streams and output some text into them now." 5 24 CURPUT WAIT INIT3STREAMS \ Set up 3 streams 1 STREAM DEMOTEXT1 2 STREAM DEMOTEXT1 3 STREAM DEMOTEXT1 2 STREAM \ Central screen output stream CURHM 7 SCRDN \ Scroll text down 7 lines 5 3 CURPUT ." Here the screen has been split into three text streams." 5 5 CURPUT WAIT SCRCLR 1 FPENSET 5 3 CURPUT ." Let's open up the text display to the full window area now." 5 5 CURPUT ." We can also do some other tricks with text, as we shall see." 5 9 CURPUT WAIT 5 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM \ Enter and initialise stream number 5 CUROFF \ Switch off cursor 2 BPENSET 1 FPENSET \ Set colours 2 CLEARWINDOWTOP SCRCLR \ Clear Stream text area DEMOTEXT1 \ Fill stream window with text CURHM 10 SCRDN \ Make space at top of text 5 2 CURPUT ." This text stream fills the whole window." 5 4 CURPUT ." We have also set up plain text, in black, on a white background." 5 6 CURPUT ." Now we can set up some more streams with smaller text windows." 5 9 CURPUT WAIT 6 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM \ Enter stream number 6 and initialise CUROFF 3 BPENSET 2 FPENSET 2 17 39 5 SCRWIN \ Set up stream text output window BOLDON \ Set Bold text SCRCLR 1CR \ Clear stream window ." This text stream has different colours .....and Bold text." WAITSPACE 7 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM \ Enter stream number 7 and initialise CUROFF 7 BPENSET 3 FPENSET 8 24 55 5 SCRWIN SCRCLR 1CR ULINEON \ Set underlined text ." This stream has underlined text," 2CR ." and different colours again." WAITSPACE 8 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM \ Enter stream number 8 and initialise CUROFF 0 BPENSET 3 FPENSET 40 11 37 6 SCRWIN SCRCLR 1CR ." And this is yet another variation." 2CR ." You have many choices, to make your" 1CR ." text more attractive." WAITSPACE 5 STREAM SCRCLR 5 3 CURPUT ." You can have ten different uniquely formatted streams simultaneously." 5 5 CURPUT ." Each stream can have its own text styles and mini scrolling text window." 5 7 CURPUT ." All the Amiga console functions are supported, with additional features." 4 10 CURPUT \ Set up another colour contrasted area BOLDON 3 FPENSET 2 BPENSET ." " 4 11 CURPUT ." The system automatically remembers all the features of each stream. " 4 12 CURPUT ." " 4 13 CURPUT ." Powerful text control is available with minimum programming effort. " 4 14 CURPUT ." " 5 17 CURPUT BOLDOFF 1 FPENSET 2 BPENSET ." Now perhaps we can try outputting text to each of our new streams." 5 20 CURPUT ." First we shall send the whole block of text to each stream in turn," 5 22 CURPUT ." and then try sending the text to all the streams line by line." 5 24 CURPUT ." Let's see what happens." 5 27 CURPUT WAIT SCRCLR DEMOTEXT1 6 STREAM SCRCLR DEMOTEXT1 7 STREAM SCRCLR DEMOTEXT1 8 STREAM SCRCLR DEMOTEXT1 DEMOTEXT2 9 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM CUROFF 0 BPENSET 3 FPENSET 7 6 67 18 SCRWIN SCRCLR 2 3 CURPUT ." The Helios text output formatting system can be set up" 2 5 CURPUT ." in any window, on any screen, with a SINGLE command!" 2 8 CURPUT ." HeliOS provides a large number of useful specialised text" 2 10 CURPUT ." formatting functions, which make sophisticated text oriented" 2 12 CURPUT ." programs very quick and easy to write." 2 16 CURPUT WAIT SCRCLR 6 2 CURPUT BOLDON 2 FPENSET 3 BPENSET ." " 6 3 CURPUT ." Would you like to experiment with the text colours? " 6 4 CURPUT ." " 2 6 CURPUT BOLDOFF 3 FPENSET 0 BPENSET ." Press <C> to step through colours, <X> to reset default values." 2 8 CURPUT ." The display shows which colour is currently being adjusted." 2 10 CURPUT ." Tap, or hold down, the <R>, <G>, and <B> keys to alter" 2 12 CURPUT ." the Red, Green, and Blue components of your chosen colour." 33 17 CURPUT 6 FPENSET ." Press space to continue........" 3 14 CURPOS ' NOOP CFA EXTERNAL ! 2 FPENSET 3 BPENSET 8 DEMOCOLOURS ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( The word which controls progress through the Graphics Demo, allowing the user to either play around with the colours or carry on. The word DEMOWAIT does the serious work of adjusting colours etc. ) : COLOURWAIT ( - - - ) \ Wait for colour change or <Space> 8 STREAM \ Lower right corner of screen = stream 8 2 4 CURPUT ." Press <SPACE> to continue ...." 7 STREAM CURHM \ Lower left corner of screen = stream 7 DEMOCOLOURS \ Allows colour change, \ runs demo loop, \ waits for <Space> 8 STREAM \ Returns to stream 8 ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Set up window handle storage variables etc. for "Window" demo ) 0. DVARIABLE WINDOW1 0. DVARIABLE WINDOW2 0. DVARIABLE WINDOW3 280 VARIABLE X1 80 VARIABLE Y1 0 VARIABLE X2 0 VARIABLE Y2 0 VARIABLE X3 0 VARIABLE Y3 60 VARIABLE RADIUS 0 VARIABLE ANGLE \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Moves window through a circular path ) : TURNWINDOW ( - - - ) \ Move window in circle WINDOW2 D@ MAKEOUTWINDOW CUROFF \ Set text output to Window2 12 0 \ Loop 12 times DO \ Start loop WINDOW2 D@ \ Get window handle X1 @ \ Calculate new X position DUP RADIUS @ ANGLE @ GFXSIN 15 *ASR + DUP X1 ! - Y1 @ \ Calculate new Y position DUP RADIUS @ ANGLE @ GFXCOS 15 *ASR 2/ + DUP Y1 ! - MOVEWINDOW \ Move window to new position 30 ANGLE +! \ Update Angle 7 RND 7 RND \ Random colours DDUP = \ Are both colours the same? IF \ If so, drop and .... DDROP 1 0 \ .....use 1 and 0 instead THEN FPENSET BPENSET SCRCLR DEMOTEXT1 \ Output some text LOOP \ End 12 times loop ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( A Windows demo This code is not very stylish, and although not as long as the earlier text demo it is still a little messy. This section is around 100 lines long, and is just about manageable because it lacks any serious logic and is a very simple piece of linear progression. The real problem here, and in the earlier text demo, is that the in-line text spoils the readability of the code. If you write a serious text based application you would need to create some scheme whereby text was stored neatly in external memory and referred to by pointers within your code. Notice how miscellaneous different methods of placing the cursor and setting the start of text lines have been used. Again this is quite "legal" but aesthetically nasty! Notice also that embedded in this code is the word TURNWINDOW which we defined earlier. But why DID we define TURNWINDOW separately? Usually we define short words like this for various reasons: 1. Because they are used often, and defining them as a words allows them to be used repeatedly without including all the code each time. 2. They form a neat logical functional unit which is easy to debug and maintain, and which may require change without interfering with the main program code. 3. We simply want to break down a long section of code into sub-units for purposes of readability and maintenance. In this case reason 3 is closest, because we don't use TURNWINDOW anywhere else, and we won't really need to change it or play around with it later. However, if we have used this strategy with TURNWINDOW, why have we not broken down the rest of the code in a similar fashion? You may think all this is unimportant, but once you start writing large programs the way you organise your code is going to make a vast difference to how easy it is to debug, modify, and maintain. ) : WINDOWSDEMO ( - - - ) 9 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM \ Use stream 9 this time CUROFF 0 BPENSET 3 FPENSET \ Set cursor and colours 0 CLEARWINDOWTOP \ Clear top of window SCRCLR 1 3 CURPUT \ Clear screen etc. ." So far we have only operated within the main HeliOS display window," 1CR ." but we can very easily create other windows, or indeed new screens." 3CR BOLDON 2 FPENSET 1 BPENSET BOLDON 4 CURFW ." The Helios system does all the tedious work involved in creating new " 1CR 4 CURFW ." screens or windows automatically, leaving you free to be creative. " 3CR BOLDOFF 0 BPENSET 3 FPENSET ." Your programming effort can be reduced to as little as entering only" 1CR ." ONE word for operations which would require a lot of code in other Amiga" 1CR ." languages. HeliOS even keeps track of what Amiga resources you use, so" 1CR ." when you quit HeliOS everything is automatically closed down for you. " 3CR 2 FPENSET 1 BPENSET BOLDON 4 CURFW ." It is absolutely simple to create windows, to appear on any screen, " 1CR 4 CURFW ." and to do any kind of Input or Output using any Helios function. " 3CR BOLDOFF 0 BPENSET 3 FPENSET ." Let's make a few windows now, and output some text to them." 2CR ." For now your input will still be via the main HeliOS display window," 1CR ." so make sure that this main window is active before pressing <SPACE>." 2CR 4 CURFW WAIT SCRCLR STDWINDOW HFWINDOW 2 1 WINCOLS WINQUIET LIT$ DEMO WINDOW 1$ 40 30 256 125 3 0 OPENWINDOW WINDOW1 D! 7 3 WINCOLS WINQUIET LIT$ DEMO WINDOW 2$ 280 80 200 85 3 0 OPENWINDOW WINDOW2 D! 2 6 WINCOLS WINQUIET LIT$ DEMO WINDOW 3$ 360 120 256 85 3 0 OPENWINDOW WINDOW3 D! WINDOW1 D@ MAKEOUTWINDOW 1 BPENSET 2 FPENSET CUROFF DEMOTEXT1 WINDOW2 D@ MAKEOUTWINDOW 3 BPENSET 7 FPENSET CUROFF DEMOTEXT1 WINDOW3 D@ MAKEOUTWINDOW 2 BPENSET 3 FPENSET CUROFF DEMOTEXT1 FORTHOUTWINDOW 4 21 40 6 SCRWIN 3 BPENSET 2 FPENSET SCRCLR 1CR ." We can also move windows around." 2CR WAIT SCRCLR 2CR ." Watch what happens ........" TURNWINDOW FORTHOUTWINDOW SCRCLR 1CR ." We can move windows in front of ..... or behind each other." 2CR WAIT SCRCLR 2CR ." Watch what happens ........" WINDOW1 D@ WINDOWTOBACK 50 DELAY WINDOW2 D@ WINDOWTOBACK 50 DELAY WINDOW3 D@ WINDOWTOBACK 50 DELAY WINDOW1 D@ WINDOWTOFRONT 50 DELAY WINDOW2 D@ WINDOWTOFRONT 50 DELAY WINDOW3 D@ WINDOWTOFRONT 50 DELAY WINDOW1 D@ WINDOWTOFRONT 50 DELAY WINDOW2 D@ WINDOWTOFRONT 50 DELAY WINDOW3 D@ WINDOWTOFRONT 50 DELAY FORTHOUTWINDOW SCRCLR 1CR ." Let's close these windows now." 2CR WAIT SCRCLR WINDOW1 D@ CLOSEWINDOW WINDOW2 D@ CLOSEWINDOW WINDOW3 D@ CLOSEWINDOW ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Clear GFX window display area to colour ) : CANVAS ( colour - - - ) \ Clear area including top line GFXSETAPEN 4 13 635 214 GFXRECTFILL ; : CANVAS2 ( colour - - - ) \ Clear are excluding top line GFXSETAPEN 4 24 635 214 GFXRECTFILL ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Clip pixel write coordinates to screen drawing area ) : GFXLIMITWRITE ( X, Y - - - ) OVER 4 635 WITHIN IF DUP 26 212 WITHIN IF GFXWRITE ELSE DDROP THEN ELSE DDROP THEN ; ( Pixel write Spriral Galaxy Demo ) : GALAXY ( - - - ) \ Draw a spiral of "semi-random" pixels 0 0 GFXORIGIN 1500 0 DO 7 RNDX GFXSETAPEN I I GFXCOS 20000 */ 3 ASR 300 + DUP 24 RND + I I GFXSIN 32767 */ 4 ASR 100 + TUCK 12 RND + GFXLIMITWRITE 7 RNDX GFXSETAPEN 10 RND UNDER+ 5 RND + GFXLIMITWRITE 7 RND GFXSETAPEN 632 RND 4 + 200 RND 11 + GFXLIMITWRITE 2 GFXSETAPEN 632 RND 4 + 200 RND 11 + GFXLIMITWRITE 3 +LOOP ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Implements Galaxy Demo in COLOURWAIT loop ) : GALAXYDEMO ( c - - - c ) ASCII m OVER= IF GALAXY THEN ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Displays Galaxy Demo ) : SHOWGALAXY ( - - - ) 1 CLEARWINDOWTOP 5 STREAM 1 BPENSET 2 FPENSET SCRCLR 20 1 CURPUT ." Spiral Galaxy 8-Colour Pixel Write Demo" GALAXY 8 COLOURWAIT ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Some variables for the 16 colour Mandelbrot demo. ) 0. DVARIABLE SCREEN1 3230 VARIABLE P 425 VARIABLE Q 0 VARIABLE PP 0 VARIABLE QQ 0 VARIABLE X 0 VARIABLE Y 0 VARIABLE MANP 0 VARIABLE MANQ 0 VARIABLE INITIAL \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Set the 16 "Mandelbrot" screen colours ) : SET16COLS ( - - - ) 0 0 0 0 GFXSETRGB 1 15 14 2 GFXSETRGB 2 15 15 15 GFXSETRGB 3 15 12 2 GFXSETRGB 4 15 2 2 GFXSETRGB 5 14 2 2 GFXSETRGB 6 12 2 2 GFXSETRGB 7 10 2 2 GFXSETRGB 8 8 2 2 GFXSETRGB 9 7 2 2 GFXSETRGB 10 6 2 2 GFXSETRGB 11 5 2 2 GFXSETRGB 12 4 2 2 GFXSETRGB 13 3 2 2 GFXSETRGB 14 2 2 2 GFXSETRGB 15 15 14 2 GFXSETRGB ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Open the 16 colour "Mandelbrot" screen and window ) : GFX16COLWINDOW ( - - - ) 1 STDSCREEN 0 2 SCRCOLS LIT$ HeliOS ***<< Demo 16-Colour Screen >>***$ 640 256 4 OPENSCREEN SCREEN1 D! STDWINDOW HFWINDOW SCREEN1 D@ WINDOWSTRUCT 30 + D! 0 2 WINCOLS LIT$ HeliOS ***<< Demo 16-Colour Window >>***$ 0 11 640 237 4 0 OPENWINDOW WINDOW1 D! WINDOW1 D@ MAKEGFXWINDOW SET16COLS ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Set up the 16 colour "Mandelbrot" window graphic lines ) : DIVIDERS ( - - - ) 5 GFXSETAPEN 320 10 GFXMOVE 320 194 GFXDRAW 319 10 GFXMOVE 319 194 GFXDRAW 0 169 GFXMOVE 639 169 GFXDRAW 0 194 GFXMOVE 639 194 GFXDRAW ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Set up streams and text for Mandelbrot demo ) : MANDELSTREAMS ( - - - ) WINDOW1 D@ MAKEOUTWINDOW CUROFF 2 FPENSET 0 BPENSET 14 22 CURPUT ." JULIA SET DEMO" 51 22 CURPUT ." MANDELBROT SET DEMO" 7 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM CUROFF 1 FPENSET 0 BPENSET 1 24 30 4 SCRWIN 8 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM CUROFF 5 FPENSET 0 BPENSET 31 24 49 4 SCRWIN 7 STREAM SCRCLR 8 STREAM SCRCLR ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Now a bit of HeliOS Assembler for you to have fun with! ) CODE MANDCALC ( PP QQ SC - - - C ) WORD \ Set assembler size FSP ()+ D5 MOVE \ Unload scaling factor > D5 FSP ()+ D4 MOVE \ Unload Y > D4 FSP ()+ D3 MOVE \ Unload X > D3 63 # D2 MOVE \ Set loop index D2 = 63 D2 DO \ Initiate loop with D2 as index D3 D6 MOVE \ Store old X (D3) value D3 D0 MOVE \ Calculate scaled X*X D3 D0 MULS LONG D5 D0 ASR WORD \ ( D3*D3 11 ASR > D0 ) D4 D1 MOVE \ Calculate scaled Y*Y D4 D1 MULS LONG D5 D1 ASR WORD \ ( D4*D4 11 ASR > D1 ) 2 FSP D() D3 MOVE \ X*X - Y*Y + P (= new X) > D3 D0 D3 ADD D1 D3 SUB \ ( D0 - D1 + PP > D3 ) LONG D1 D0 ADD WORD \ LONG add D1 to D0 for limit D4 D1 MOVE \ X*Y/2 >D1 D6 D1 MULS LONG 1 # D1 LSL D5 D1 ASR WORD \ D6*D4 10 ASR > D1 FSP () D4 MOVE \ X*Y/2 + Q (=new Y) > D4 D1 D4 ADD \ ( D1 + QQ > D4 ) LONG 180000. # D0 CMP WORD \ ? D0 (=limit) > 180000 DBGT \ Loop 0< IF 0 # D2 MOVE THEN \ ? Reached loop limit 2 # D2 LSR \ Scale iteration count 4 # FSP ADDA \ Clear stack D2 FSP -() MOVE \ Colour (0-15) > stack EXITCODE ENDCODE \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Here we go with the Julia set code. If you don't understand it, don't worry about it! ) : JULIA ( - - - ) 2 11 GFXORIGIN 3230 512 10000 */ PP ! 425 512 10000 */ QQ ! 158 0 DO 317 0 DO PP @ QQ @ I 2 LSL 640 - J 3 LSL 640 - 9 MANDCALC DUP IF 26 SWAP - THEN DUP 15 > IF 13 - THEN DUP 12 = IF DROP 8 THEN DUP 14 = IF DROP 3 THEN GFXSETAPEN I J GFXWRITE LOOP LOOP ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Now for the Mandebrot. Anyone understand this? Don't worry about it! But it is simple isn't it! ) : MANDEL ( - - - ) -.5777777 10000 M/ 8883608. 1000 M/ 12 *ASR MANP ! -.6370000 10000 M/ 8883608. 1000 M/ 12 *ASR MANQ ! 321 11 GFXORIGIN 158 0 DO 317 0 DO I 2/ MANP @ + \ P value J MANQ @ + \ Q value 0 \ X value 0 \ Y value 11 \ Scaling value MANDCALC GFXSETAPEN I J GFXWRITE LOOP LOOP ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Run the MandeBrot and Julia demo ) : MANDELDEMO ( - - - ) JULIA MANDEL ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Close the MandeBrot and Julia demo ) : MANDELEND ( - - - ) FORTHINWINDOW FORTHOUTWINDOW FWINDOW MAKEGFXWINDOW WINDOW1 D@ CLOSEWINDOW SCREEN1 D@ CLOSESCREEN ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Introduce and show Mandelbrot Pictures ) : DOMANDEL 2 CANVAS 7 STREAM SCRCLR 8 STREAM SCRCLR 6 STREAM SCRCLR ." The next part of the Demo opens a new 16-Colour Screen and Window." 1CR ." You will find that this is an extremely simple operation in HeliOS." 2CR ." The 16-Colour Demo will involve COMPUTING and drawing two pictures which" 1CR ." derive from the Mandelbrot Set. ( One is actually a related Julia Set )" 2CR ." These pictures do take a considerable time to compute, but they actually" 1CR ." show that HeliOS is very fast indeed, because they use only code" 1CR ." written using the high level HeliOS system for all computations." 1CR ." Dedicated Mandelbrot Set generators often employ code written using a" 1CR ." separate assembler to achieve reasonable speed. Obviously you could" 1CR ." do the same and gain even more performance, but the idea of the Demo is" 1CR ." to show the exceptional speed of the high level HeliOS system." 2CR ." This is good news for creative programmers, because at last you have" 1CR ." access to an Interactive high level software system which is fast enough" 1CR ." to cope with the most demanding applications." 2CR ." The other good news is that if you are interested in the Mandelbrot Set" 1CR ." you are now in a position to write your own customised software, building" 1CR ." on the basis of the Demo source code provided." 8 COLOURWAIT 0 STREAM 0 BPENSET 1 FPENSET SCRCLR ' NOOP CFA EXTERNAL ! GFX16COLWINDOW MANDELSTREAMS DIVIDERS 8 STREAM 2 1 CURPUT ." These pictures involve intensive computation." 2 2 CURPUT ." Please wait for the images to complete......." 2 3 CURPUT ." ....when finished you can adjust the colours." MANDELDEMO SCRCLR WINDOW1 D@ MAKEINWINDOW 16 COLOURWAIT MANDELEND ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Various variables used in calculating fractals ) 0 VARIABLE LINERATIO 0 VARIABLE HEIGHTRATIO 0 VARIABLE WIDTHRATIO 0 VARIABLE LINELENGTH 0 VARIABLE RECDEPTH 0 VARIABLE NODE 0 VARIABLE X0 0 VARIABLE Y0 0 VARIABLE GRECDEPTH 0 VARIABLE GX 0 VARIABLE GY 0 VARIABLE GX1 0 VARIABLE GY1 0 VARIABLE GX2 0 VARIABLE GY2 0 VARIABLE GX3 0 VARIABLE GY3 0 VARIABLE GXA 0 VARIABLE GYA 0 VARIABLE GXB 0 VARIABLE GYB 0 VARIABLE GXC 0 VARIABLE GYC 0 VARIABLE GA 0 VARIABLE GL 0 VARIABLE GL*C 0 VARIABLE GL*S 0 VARIABLE DODRAW 0 VARIABLE DOMOVE 0 VARIABLE RECLIMIT \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Fractal demo scaled screen rendering routines ) ' NOOP CFA VARIABLE TINT : SCALEMOVE ( X, Y - - - ) SWAP 6 ASR SWAP 7 ASR DOMOVE @EXECUTE ; : SCALEDRAW ( X,Y - - - ) TINT @EXECUTE SWAP 6 ASR SWAP 7 ASR DODRAW @EXECUTE ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Set area or line plot functions ) : MAKEAREAPLOT ' GFXAREAMOVE CFA DOMOVE ! ' GFXAREADRAW CFA DODRAW ! ; : MAKELINEPLOT ' GFXMOVE CFA DOMOVE ! ' GFXDRAW CFA DODRAW ! ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Generate new coordinates from a line Don't bother trying to follow this......... ) : GENERATE GRECDEPTH ! GY2 ! GX2 ! GY1 ! GX1 ! \ Unload line end Coords etc GX2 @ GX1 @ - GX ! \ X dimension > GX GY2 @ GY1 @ - GY ! \ Y dimension > GY GX @ DUP M* GY @ DUP M* D+ GFXDSQROOT \ Sq root of (X*X + Y*Y) DUP RECLIMIT @ > IF GL ! \ Length of line > GL GY @ ABS 0 15 DLSL GL @ U/ GFXARCSIN GA ! GX @ 0< IF GY @ 0 >= IF 180 GA @ - GA ! THEN THEN \ Adj quadrant GX @ 0 <= IF GY @ 0< IF 180 GA +! THEN THEN GX @ 0> IF GY @ 0< IF 360 GA @ - GA ! THEN THEN GL @ GA @ GFXSIN 15 *ASR GL*S ! \ Intermediate result GL @ GA @ GFXCOS 15 *ASR GL*C ! \ Intermediate result 90 GA +! \ Angle + 90 degrees LINERATIO @ GL*C @ 13 *ASR GX1 @ + GX3 ! LINERATIO @ GL*S @ 13 *ASR GY1 @ + GY3 ! LINERATIO @ WIDTHRATIO @ - DUP GL*C @ 13 *ASR GX1 @ + GXA ! GL*S @ 13 *ASR GY1 @ + GYA ! LINERATIO @ WIDTHRATIO @ + DUP GL*C @ 13 *ASR GX1 @ + GXB ! GL*S @ 13 *ASR GY1 @ + GYB ! HEIGHTRATIO @ GL @ 13 *ASR GA @ DDUP GFXCOS 15 *ASR GX3 @ + GXC ! GFXSIN 15 *ASR GY3 @ + GYC ! GRECDEPTH @ GY2 @ GX2 @ GYC @ GXC @ GYB @ GXB @ GYA @ GXA @ GY1 @ GX1 @ NODE @EXECUTE ELSE DROP THEN ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Don't bother trying to follow this either! ) : NODE1 5 PICK 7 PICK SCALEMOVE \ Draw sub-lines 7 PICK 9 PICK SCALEDRAW 3PICK 5 PICK SCALEDRAW GFXAREAEND 11 PICK IF \ Process sub-lines DUP 3PICK 5 PICK 7 PICK 15 PICK 1- GENERATE 3PICK 5 PICK 9 PICK 11 PICK 15 PICK 1- GENERATE 7 PICK 9 PICK 7 PICK 9 PICK 15 PICK 1- GENERATE 5 PICK 7 PICK 11 PICK 13 PICK 15 PICK 1- GENERATE THEN 11 DROPS ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Don't bother trying to follow this either! ) : NODE2 11 PICK 0= IF DUP 3PICK SCALEMOVE 7 PICK 9 PICK SCALEDRAW 9 PICK 11 PICK SCALEDRAW DUP 3PICK SCALEDRAW GFXAREAEND ELSE 7 PICK 9 PICK 3PICK 5 PICK 15 PICK 1- GENERATE 7 PICK 9 PICK 11 PICK 13 PICK 15 PICK 1- GENERATE THEN 11 DROPS ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Don't bother trying to follow this either! ) : NODE3 11 PICK 0= IF DUP 3PICK SCALEMOVE 7 PICK 9 PICK SCALEDRAW 9 PICK 11 PICK SCALEDRAW DUP 3PICK SCALEDRAW GFXAREAEND ELSE DUP 3PICK 9 PICK 11 PICK 15 PICK 1- GENERATE 7 PICK 9 PICK 11 PICK 13 PICK 15 PICK 1- GENERATE THEN 11 DROPS ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Colours for various fractal demos ) : LANDCOL BEGIN 7 RND DUP 2 = WHILE DROP REPEAT GFXSETAPEN ; : SNOWCOL1 1 GFXSETAPEN ; : SNOWCOL2 GRECDEPTH @ 3 AND DUP 2 = IF 5 RND + 1+ THEN GFXSETAPEN ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Snowflake Fractal ) : SNOWFLAKE ( - - - ) ' SNOWCOL1 CFA TINT ! ' NODE1 CFA NODE ! 4096 LINERATIO ! 2100 1600 RND + HEIGHTRATIO ! 1800 1600 RND - WIDTHRATIO ! 3 4 RND + RECDEPTH ! 128 RECLIMIT ! 12800 LINELENGTH ! LINELENGTH @ 60 GFXCOS 15 *ASR X3 ! LINELENGTH @ 60 GFXSIN 15 *ASR Y3 ! 310 LINELENGTH @ 128 / - 120 Y3 @ 256 / - GFXORIGIN X1 0! Y1 0! LINELENGTH @ X2 ! Y2 0! X1 @ Y1 @ SCALEMOVE \ Draw Triangle X2 @ Y2 @ SCALEDRAW X3 @ Y3 @ SCALEDRAW X1 @ Y1 @ SCALEDRAW GFXAREAEND ' SNOWCOL2 CFA TINT ! X3 @ Y3 @ X2 @ Y2 @ RECDEPTH @ GENERATE X2 @ Y2 @ X1 @ Y1 @ RECDEPTH @ GENERATE X1 @ Y1 @ X3 @ Y3 @ RECDEPTH @ GENERATE ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Landscape fractal ) : LANDSCAPE ( - - - ) ' LANDCOL CFA TINT ! ' NODE1 CFA NODE ! 1600 2400 RND + LINERATIO ! -1700 1700 RND - HEIGHTRATIO ! 110 170 RND + WIDTHRATIO ! 5 4 RND + RECDEPTH ! 128 RECLIMIT ! 32000 LINELENGTH ! 316 LINELENGTH @ 128 / - 170 GFXORIGIN X1 0! Y1 0! LINELENGTH @ X2 ! Y2 0! X1 @ Y1 @ SCALEMOVE X2 @ Y2 @ SCALEDRAW GFXAREAEND X1 @ Y1 @ X2 @ Y2 @ RECDEPTH @ GENERATE ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Dragon Fractal ) : DRAGON ( - - - ) ' LANDCOL CFA TINT ! ' NODE2 CFA NODE ! 3800 480 RND + LINERATIO ! -3800 480 RND - HEIGHTRATIO ! 3800 640 RND + WIDTHRATIO ! 10 2 RND + RECDEPTH ! 32 RECLIMIT ! 12800 LINELENGTH ! 195 125 GFXORIGIN X1 0! Y1 0! LINELENGTH @ X2 ! Y2 0! X1 @ Y1 @ X2 @ Y2 @ RECDEPTH @ GENERATE ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( C-Curve Fractal ) : CCURVE ( - - - ) ' LANDCOL CFA TINT ! ' NODE3 CFA NODE ! 4096 LINERATIO ! -3900 350 RND - HEIGHTRATIO ! 3900 350 RND + WIDTHRATIO ! 8 4 RND + RECDEPTH ! 32 RECLIMIT ! 12800 LINELENGTH ! 210 140 GFXORIGIN X1 0! Y1 0! LINELENGTH @ X2 ! Y2 0! X1 @ Y1 @ X2 @ Y2 @ RECDEPTH @ GENERATE ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Display Snowflake Demo ) : SHOWSNOWFLAKE ( - - - ) 2 CLEARWINDOWTOP 5 STREAM 2 BPENSET 1 FPENSET SCRCLR 22 1 CURPUT ." Snowflake 8-Colour Fractal Demo" SNOWFLAKE 8 COLOURWAIT ; : SNOWFLAKEDEMO ( c - - - c ) ASCII m OVER= IF 2 CANVAS2 SNOWFLAKE THEN ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Display Landscape Demo ) : SHOWLANDSCAPE ( - - - ) 2 CLEARWINDOWTOP 5 STREAM 2 BPENSET 1 FPENSET SCRCLR 22 1 CURPUT ." LandScape 8-Colour Fractal Demo" LANDSCAPE 8 COLOURWAIT ; : LANDSCAPEDEMO ( c - - - c ) ASCII m OVER= IF 2 CANVAS2 LANDSCAPE THEN ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Display Dragon Demo ) : SHOWDRAGON ( - - - ) 2 CLEARWINDOWTOP 5 STREAM 2 BPENSET 1 FPENSET SCRCLR 22 1 CURPUT ." Dragon 8-Colour Fractal Demo" DRAGON 8 COLOURWAIT ; : DRAGONDEMO ( c - - - c ) ASCII m OVER= IF 2 CANVAS2 DRAGON THEN ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Display C-Curve Demo ) : SHOWCCURVE ( - - - ) 2 CLEARWINDOWTOP 5 STREAM 2 BPENSET 1 FPENSET SCRCLR 22 1 CURPUT ." C-Curve 8-Colour Fractal Demo" CCURVE 8 COLOURWAIT ; : CCURVEDEMO ( c - - - c ) ASCII m OVER= IF 2 CANVAS2 CCURVE THEN ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Graphics demo Introduction ) : GFXINTRO ( - - - ) 7 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM CUROFF 2 FPENSET 6 BPENSET 1 26 30 4 SCRWIN SCRCLR 8 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM CUROFF 2 FPENSET 3 BPENSET 31 26 49 4 SCRWIN SCRCLR 6 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM CUROFF 2 BPENSET 1 FPENSET 3 3 76 22 SCRWIN 5 DUP INITSTREAM STREAM CUROFF 2 BPENSET 1 FPENSET 1 1 79 25 SCRWIN SCRCLR 2CR ." Look carefully at the way the present screen is organised, which" 1CR ." will be similar for all the Graphics Demonstrations." 3CR 3 FPENSET ." The Graphics Demonstrations themselves will occupy the upper window." 3CR ." All instructions will be presented in the lower right screen area." 3CR 1 FPENSET .$ Whenever the "Press <SPACE>" or any other command option is indicated$ 1CR ." in the lower right area, you will always have the additional option of" 1CR ." using the Colour adjustment keys to modify the displayed image." 2CR ." This will give you the freedom to enjoy creating new graphic effects" 1CR ." and exploring your own colour preferences." 3CR 8 COLOURWAIT ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Introduce and show Snowflake ) : DOSNOWFLAKE ( - - - ) 6 STREAM SCRCLR .$ The first Fractal we shall produce is the well known "Koch Snowflake",$ 1CR ." which builds its form on a triangular initial generator." 2CR ." You can use the <M> key to redraw the image, each new Snowflake being" 1CR ." constructed using different random parameters." 2CR ." Notice how the various patterns are generated by imposing a similar" 1CR ." deformation upon each of the lines which make up the design." 2CR ." Again the colour control keys can be used to experiment with different" 1CR ." colour combinations." 2CR ." By now you should be getting a feel for the way in which simple eight" 1CR ." colour displays can be combined in attractive mutually enhancing ways." 2CR ." N.B." 1CR ." This and the following Fractal designs have an ENORMOUS number of" 1CR ." possible random variations. It is well worth trying many versions of" 1CR ." each because amongst a run of fairly mundane examples suddenly, from" 1CR ." time to time, a really spectacular and beautiful design will emerge." 8 COLOURWAIT ' SNOWFLAKEDEMO CFA EXTERNAL ! 8 STREAM 2 1 CURPUT ." Try adjusting the colours." 2 2 CURPUT ." Press <M> to generate a new Snowflake." 2 3 CURPUT ." Notice how the forms subtly metamorphose." SHOWSNOWFLAKE ' NOOP CFA EXTERNAL ! 8 STREAM SCRCLR 6 STREAM SCRCLR ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Introduce and show Galaxy ) : DOGALAXY ( - - - ) 2 CANVAS 6 STREAM CURHM .$ The first graphics demo, "Spiral Galaxy", displays simple pixel plotting.$ 2CR ." We retain the standard eight colour screen for this demonstration." 3CR ." You can use the <M> key to repeatedly overplot the display area, creating" 1CR ." various semi-randomised effects." 2CR ." Try holding down the <M> key for some time, allowing various colour" 1CR ." effects to manifest." 4CR ." Use the colour control keys to get a feel for the effects of various" 1CR ." colour combinations." 3CR ." See how the numerical values of the red, green, and blue components" 1CR ." correlate with the colours and visual impressions produced." 8 COLOURWAIT ' GALAXYDEMO CFA EXTERNAL ! 8 STREAM 2 1 CURPUT ." Let's try writing a few pixels." 2 2 CURPUT ." Press <M> to slowly define the spiral." 2 3 CURPUT ." Don't forget to play with the colours!" SHOWGALAXY ' NOOP CFA EXTERNAL ! 8 STREAM SCRCLR 6 STREAM SCRCLR ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Introduce Fractals ) : FRACTALINTRO ( - - - ) 2 CANVAS 6 STREAM CURHM ." Next we shall demonstrate simple line drawing by generating a series of" 1CR ." well known Fractal designs, again using the standard eight colour screen." 2CR ." Notice that ALL the graphics in this Demo are COMPUTED images as distinct" 1CR ." from predrawn pictures created in an art package and simply displayed." 2CR ." Considerable computing is required to generate even these simple images," 1CR ." and they give a good indication of the speed and power of HeliOS." 2CR ." The Fractals you will see are all very well known examples, and you may" 1CR ." have access to other software which generates similar images. If so you" 1CR ." you may like to compare the speed of HeliOS fractal generation with the" 1CR ." other software to get some idea of how just how fast HeliOS is." 2CR ." You may also be interested to know that computing these Fractal images" 1CR ." makes use of RECURSION, which is readily implemented in HeliOS." 2CR ." Remember that all the source code for this Demo is provided for you as a" 1CR ." simple tutorial exercise, so that by using and modifying the Demo code" 1CR ." you can soon be generating all manner of Fractal designs for yourself!" 8 COLOURWAIT ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Introduce and show Landscape ) : DOLANDSCAPE ( - - - ) 2 CANVAS 6 STREAM CURHM ." The second Fractal is another variant on the Koch design, this time" 1CR ." building on a horizontal line initial generator. It is known as the" 1Cr .$ "Koch Landscape", for reasons only requiring a little imagination.$ 2CR ." It is interesting that there is only a minor difference in the computing" 1CR ." procedure required to produce this and the previous design." 2CR ." Again you can use the <M> key to redraw the image, with each Landscape" 1CR ." constructed using slightly different random parameters." 2CR ." Notice again how the pattern is generated by imposing a similar" 1CR ." deformation upon each of the lines which make up the design." 3CR ." Again the colour control keys can be used to experiment with different" 1CR ." colour combinations." 2CR ." N.B." 1CR ." There are very many variations of these Fractal designs, so be sure" 1CR ." to press <M> plenty of times to view the possibilities." 8 COLOURWAIT ' LANDSCAPEDEMO CFA EXTERNAL ! 8 STREAM 2 1 CURPUT ." Try adjusting the colours." 2 2 CURPUT ." Press <M> to generate a new Landscape." 2 3 CURPUT ." Notice the simple repeated procedure." SHOWLANDSCAPE ' NOOP CFA EXTERNAL ! 8 STREAM SCRCLR 6 STREAM SCRCLR ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Introduce and show Dragon ) : DODRAGON ( - - - ) 2 CANVAS 6 STREAM CURHM ." The next Fractal is yet another variant on the Koch curve, this time" 1CR ." building on a simple bent line initial generator. It is known as the" 1CR .$ "Dragon Curve" because of its similarity to Chinese Dragon designs.$ 2CR ." Once again the program to produce this Fractal is very similar to the" 1CR ." ones for the earlier designs." 2CR ." Again you can use the <M> key to redraw the image, with each Dragon" 1CR ." constructed using slightly different random parameters." 2CR ." These many different Fractals are produced by minor procedural changes," 1CR ." and you will find many new interesting forms by experimenting with the" 1CR ." material provided in the Demo source code." 8 COLOURWAIT ' DRAGONDEMO CFA EXTERNAL ! 8 STREAM 2 1 CURPUT ." Try adjusting the colours." 2 2 CURPUT ." Press <M> to generate a new Dragon." 2 3 CURPUT ." Some are more Dragon-like than others. Why?" SHOWDRAGON ' NOOP CFA EXTERNAL ! 8 STREAM SCRCLR 6 STREAM SCRCLR ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Introduce and show C-Curve ) : DOCCURVE ( - - - ) 2 CANVAS 6 STREAM CURHM ." The final Koch curve example is called the C-Curve, for the unimaginative" 1CR .$ reason that it resembles a "C" turned on its side!$ 2CR ." Once again the program to produce the C-Curve is nearly identical to the" 1CR ." ones for the earlier designs." 2CR ." Again you can use the <M> key to redraw the image, with each C-Curve" 1CR ." constructed using slightly different random parameters." 2CR ." Remember that there are a very large number of semi-random designs" 1CR ." possible, and you will often generate spectacularly fine pictures quite" 1CR ." suddenly within a long run of more mundane examples." 2CR ." KEEP trying!" 8 COLOURWAIT ' CCURVEDEMO CFA EXTERNAL ! 8 STREAM 2 1 CURPUT ." Try adjusting the colours." 2 2 CURPUT ." Press <M> to generate a new C-Curve." 2 3 CURPUT ." This uses a slightly modified Dragon process." SHOWCCURVE ' NOOP CFA EXTERNAL ! 8 STREAM SCRCLR 6 STREAM SCRCLR ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ( Introduce and show Area Demos ) : DOAREADEMOS ( - - - ) 2 CANVAS 6 STREAM CURHM ." Of course the HeliOS system will also do area fill graphics, so let's go" 1CR ." round the Fractals once again, this time using filled coloured areas." 1CR ." You will notice that in many cases the speed of the plot, and also the" 1CR ." detail revealed, is not really affected by changing to filled graphics." 2CR ." In fact, only the less detailed displays really benefit from the filled" 1CR ." area approach, because with the more detailed designs the line plotting" 1CR ." effectively fills the display area with fine detail." 2CR ." One of the parameters randomly assigned for each Fractal generation is" 1CR .$ "Depth of Recursion", which effectively determines the amount of detail$ 1CR ." generated within the picture. The deeper the recursion, the slower the" 1CR ." overall drawing becomes, but within limits the detail becomes finer." 2CR ." After a certain point, the resolution of the display limits the detail" 1CR ." which further levels of recursion can reveal, but slowness of drawing can" 1CR ." also give greater colour variation from the semi-random colour routine." 2CR ." You can see from all this that creative graphic computing involves many" 1CR ." diverse and complex factors, and in fact becomes almost artistic." MAKEAREAPLOT 8 COLOURWAIT 8 STREAM 2 1 CURPUT ." Try adjusting the colours." 2 2 CURPUT ." Press <M> to generate a new picture." 2 3 CURPUT ." Experiment!" ' SNOWFLAKEDEMO CFA EXTERNAL ! SHOWSNOWFLAKE 2 CANVAS2 ' LANDSCAPEDEMO CFA EXTERNAL ! SHOWLANDSCAPE 2 CANVAS2 ' DRAGONDEMO CFA EXTERNAL ! SHOWDRAGON 2 CANVAS2 ' CCURVEDEMO CFA EXTERNAL ! SHOWCCURVE 2 CANVAS2 ' NOOP CFA EXTERNAL ! 8 STREAM SCRCLR 6 STREAM SCRCLR ; \ --------------------------------------------------------------------------- : DEMO ( - - - ) FSCREEN SCREENTOFRONT \ Make sure HeliOS screen is at front FWINDOW MAKEGFXWINDOW \ Make FWINDOW the current GFX window HELIOS \ Sun INTRO \ Introduction TEXTDEMO \ Text demo HELIOS \ Sun WINDOWSDEMO \ Windows demo HELIOS \ Sun MAKELINEPLOT \ Set up for line plotting GFXINTRO \ Introduce graphic demos DOGALAXY \ Spiral Galaxy FRACTALINTRO \ Introduce fractals DOSNOWFLAKE \ Snowflake fractal DOLANDSCAPE \ Landscape fractal DODRAGON \ Dragon fractal DOCCURVE \ C-Curve fractal DOAREADEMOS \ Area fractal demos HELIOS \ Sun DOMANDEL \ Mandelbrot demo HELIOS \ Sun DEMOQUIT \ Quit demo ; \ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- DEMO \ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------